Medical ethics describes the moral principles by which a Doctor must conduct themselves. You need to understand the concept of medical ethics, but you’re not expected to be an expert.

It’s worth being aware that medical ethics is a changing ideal. Something that might have been considered ethical 30 years ago may not be today – and what we think is ethical right now may change.

Four Pillars of Medical Ethics

The “four pillars of medical ethics” is a framework for analysing the best action to take in a given situation. To use this approach, you must consider whether your actions are in compliance with each of these pillars.

The four pillars of medical ethics are:

1. Beneficence (doing good)
2. Non-maleficence (to do no harm)
3. Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able)
4. Justice (ensuring fairness)

Beneficence is that doctors should maximise the benefits that medical care has on a patient. Meanwhile, the principle of non-maleficence is the partner to this – the idea of ‘doing no harm’, that is, trying to minimise the harm that medical intervention does to a patient. This means acting in the patient’s best interests, which might not always be as clear as you would assume. Autonomy is the idea of self-governance, that an individual has the right to make a decision and act under a self-chosen plan. In medicine, this specifically refers to the fact that patients have the right to deny any treatment that is offered to them or choose between various different treatment options available. Medicine is no longer. Justice refers to the idea that any ethical decision should be considered as part of the wider context in society. Note, the patient is in most cases the doctor’s priority, and the duty of a medic is in them. However, if a patient disclosure is likely to cause serious harm to other people, this is one time that doctors must break confidentiality.

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